Why does a snowflake have 6 sides?

In this activity, learners will study the types of molecules within a snowflake to understand how they bind together at different temperatures. They will also learn how electrons and protons have a polar charge and how they form a hexagon shape. Finally, learners will design a folded paper snowflake to reinforce learning.

This activity could be a main lesson introducing learners to atoms, molecules and bonding. It could also be used as one of several activities within a wider scheme of learning focusing on science to understand how molecules behave at different temperatures or as an activity to teach how paper can be folded and cut to create many unique snowflake designs.

Activity

This activity is one of a series of free STEM resources designed to allow learners to use the theme of the Christmas period to develop their knowledge and skills in Mathematics, Design & Technology and Science. This resource focuses on snowflakes and why they are always flat and have six sides. It looks at the molecules within a snowflake and how they bind above and below 4oC.

Why does a snowflake have six sides?

The six-sided shape of a snowflake can be attributed to the molecular structure of water and the unique formation process of snow crystals. Snowflakes form when water vapour condenses on tiny ice nuclei in cold, supersaturated air. As the water vapour freezes, it arranges itself into a hexagonal lattice due to the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This hexagonal lattice structure determines the six sides of a snowflake. As the snowflake grows, additional water molecules attach to the existing crystal lattice, forming intricate branches and patterns. The temperature, humidity, and other atmospheric conditions during the growth process contribute to the diverse shapes and designs we see in snowflakes.

The engineering context

Engineers must regularly use scientific knowledge and skills as part of their regular job. Therefore, they must be able to work out how different molecules react at different temperatures. For example, they must determine how engine oils work differently in hot deserts than in cold polar regions.

Suggested learning outcomes

By the end of this activity, students will know why a snowflake has six sides and is always flat, and they will be able to make a paper snowflake with a repeat pattern.

Download the free activity sheet below!

All activity sheets and supporting resources are free to download, and all the documents are fully editable so that you can tailor them to your students and your schools’ needs.

The activity sheet includes teacher notes, guidance, helpful web links, and links (where appropriate) to the national curriculum in the four devolved UK nations; England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

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